Even though cement significantly affects the LCA of 3DCP, it is crucial to achieving adequate fresh properties and rheology. Though LCA analysis, mixture design revealed a critical parameter in the environmental impact of 3DCP elements or buildings. This work has highlighted the enormous potential of 3DCP to contribute to reducing the dependence on Portland cement and to manage the current colossal wastes and by-products with no added value, shifting to a Circular Economy. Moreover, the partial replacement of natural aggregate can also bring advantages for natural resource preservation. Those alternative SCM can be wastes or by-products from industries or agriculture, with no added value.
One exciting option to decrease the embodied CO 2 of 3DCP is, for example, to incorporate alternative and locally available SCM as partial cement replacements. Besides the heavy carbon footprint of cement production, the standard SCM availability might be an issue, especially in the longer term. The very demanding performance of printable mixtures, namely in a fresh state, requires high dosages of cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCM). The current work presents the ecological fragility, challenges and opportunities inherent in decreasing the 3DCP environmental footprint at a material level (cementitious materials and aggregates). However, scalability, commercialization and sustainability of the 3DPC technology remain critical issues. Three-dimensional printed buildings have shown that a well-developed automated technology can foster valuable benefits, such as a freeform architectural design without formworks and reduced human intervention. Three-dimensional Cementitious materials Printing (3DCP) is a cutting-edge technology for the construction industry.
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